Most answered questions in Probability and Statistics / GO Electronics

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41

TIFR ECE 2022 | Question: 14
Let a bag contain ten balls numbered $1,2, \ldots, 10$. Let three balls be drawn at random in sequence without replacement, and the number on the ball drawn on the $i^{\text {th }}$ choice be $n_{i} \in\{1,2, \ldots, 10\}.$ What is the probability that $n_{1} < n_{2} < n_{3} ?$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{1}{12}$ $\frac{1}{4}$ $\frac{1}{6}$ None of the above

Let a bag contain ten balls numbered $1,2, \ldots, 10$. Let three balls be drawn at random in sequence without replacement, and the number on the ball drawn on the $i^{\t...

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42

TIFR ECE 2021 | Question: 9
A stick of length $1$ is broken at a point chosen uniformly at random. Which of the following is false? Twice the length of the smaller piece is greater than the length of the larger piece with positive probability. One half of the length of the ... . The product of the length of the smaller piece and the larger piece is greater than $1 / 4$ with positive probability.

A stick of length $1$ is broken at a point chosen uniformly at random. Which of the following is false?Twice the length of the smaller piece is greater than the length of...

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43

TIFR ECE 2021 | Question: 11
Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the output of rolls of two independent dices that can each take integer values $\{1,2,3,4,5,6\}$ with probability $1 / 6$ for each outcome. Further, $U$ denotes a continuous random variable that is independent of $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ ... on this sum what is the probability that $X_{1}$ equals $2?$ $2.21$ $3$ $1 / 6$ $1 / 5$ $1 / 3$

Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the output of rolls of two independent dices that can each take integer values $\{1,2,3,4,5,6\}$ with probability $1 / 6$ for each...

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44

TIFR ECE 2021 | Question: 14
A tourist starts by taking one of the $n$ available paths, denoted by $1,2, \cdots, n$. An hour into the journey, the path $i$ subdivides into further $1+i$ subpaths, only one of which leads to the destination. The tourist has no map and makes random choices of the path and the ... $\frac{10}{36}$ $\frac{11}{36}$ $\frac{12}{36}$ $\frac{13}{36}$ $\frac{14}{36}$

A tourist starts by taking one of the $n$ available paths, denoted by $1,2, \cdots, n$. An hour into the journey, the path $i$ subdivides into further $1+i$ subpaths, onl...

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45

TIFR ECE 2021 | Question: 15
We have the sequence, $a_{n}=\frac{1}{n \log ^{2} n}, n \geq 2$, where log is the logarithm to the base $2$ and let $A=\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} a_{n}$ ... $H(X)?$ $H(X) \leq 3$ $H(X) \in(3,5]$ $H(X) \in(5,10]$ $H(X)>10$ but finite $H(X)$ is unbounded

We have the sequence, $a_{n}=\frac{1}{n \log ^{2} n}, n \geq 2$, where log is the logarithm to the base $2$ and let $A=\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} a_{n}$ be the sum of the sequen...

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46

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 3
Balls are drawn one after the other uniformly at random without replacement from a set of eight balls numbered $1,2, \ldots, 8$ until all balls drawn. What is the expected number of balls whose value match their ordinality (i.e., their position in the order in which ... ? Now can you use linearity of expectation to solve the problem? $1$ $1.5$ $2$ $2.5$ None of the above

Balls are drawn one after the other uniformly at random without replacement from a set of eight balls numbered $1,2, \ldots, 8$ until all balls drawn. What is the expecte...

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47

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 7
Given $n$ independent Bernoulli random variables, taking value $1$ with probability $p$ and $0$ with probability $1-p$. Then, which of the following is the value of $E\left[\left(z_{1}+\right.\right.$ $\left.\left.\ldots z_{n}\right)^{2}\right] ?$ $0$ $n p+n(n-1) p^{2}$ $n^{3} p^{2}$ $n^{2} p^{2}+n p$ None of the above

Given $n$ independent Bernoulli random variables, taking value $1$ with probability $p$ and $0$ with probability $1-p$. Then, which of the following is the value of $E\le...

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48

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 8
Suppose that Dice $1$ has five faces numbered $1$ to $5,$ each of which is equally likely to occur once the dice is rolled. Dice $2$ similarly has eight equally likely faces numbered $1$ to $8.$ Suppose that the two dice are rolled, and the sum is equal to $8.$ Conditioned on this, ... $2?$ $1 / 4$ $1 / 3$ $1 / 2$ $2 / 7$ $2 / 5$

Suppose that Dice $1$ has five faces numbered $1$ to $5,$ each of which is equally likely to occur once the dice is rolled. Dice $2$ similarly has eight equally likely fa...

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49

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 10
Consider two independent random variables $\left(U_{1}, U_{2}\right)$ both are uniformly distributed between $[0,1]$. The conditional expectation \[E\left[\left(U_{1}+U_{2}\right) \mid \max \left(U_{1}, U_{2}\right) \geq 0.5\right]\] equals $7 / 6$ $8 / 7$ $6 / 7$ $1.1$ None of the above

Consider two independent random variables $\left(U_{1}, U_{2}\right)$ both are uniformly distributed between $[0,1]$. The conditional expectation\[E\left[\left(U_{1}+U_{2...

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50

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 11
Suppose that $X$ is a real valued random variable and $E[\exp X]=2$. Then, which of the following must be $\text{TRUE? Hint:}$ $(\exp (x)+\exp (y)) / 2 \geq \exp ((x+y) / 2)$. $E[X]<\ln 2$ $E[X]>\ln 2$ $E[X] \geq \ln 2$ $E[X] \leq \ln 2$ None of the above

Suppose that $X$ is a real valued random variable and $E[\exp X]=2$. Then, which of the following must be $\text{TRUE? Hint:}$ $(\exp (x)+\exp (y)) / 2 \geq \exp ((x+y) /...

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51

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 12
Consider a unit disc $D$. Let a point $x$ be chosen uniformly on $D$ and let the random distance to $x$ from the center of $D$ be $R$. Which of the following is $\text{TRUE?}$ $R^{2}$ is uniformly distributed in $[0,1]$ $\pi R^{2}$ is uniformly ... $[0,1]$ $2 \pi R^{2}$ is uniformly distributed in $[0,1]$ None of the above

Consider a unit disc $D$. Let a point $x$ be chosen uniformly on $D$ and let the random distance to $x$ from the center of $D$ be $R$. Which of the following is $\text{TR...

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52

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 13
Alice and Bob have one coin each with probability of Heads $p$ and $q$, respectively. In each round, both Alice and Bob independently toss their coin once, and the game stops if one of them gets a Heads and the other gets a Tails. If they both get either Heads or both get Tails in ... $R$ is independent of $p$ and $q$ $R=\frac{1}{1+2 p q-p-q}$ None of the above

Alice and Bob have one coin each with probability of Heads $p$ and $q$, respectively. In each round, both Alice and Bob independently toss their coin once, and the game s...

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53

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 6
Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice. Each of the dice takes each of the six values $1,2,3,4,5$, and $6$ with equal probability. What is the value of the conditional expectation \[\mathbf{E}\left[\max \left(X_{1}, X_{2}\right) \mid \min \left(X_{1}, X_{2}\right)=3\right] ?\] $33 / 7$ $4$ $5$ $9 / 2$ $19 / 4$

Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice. Each of the dice takes each of the six values $1,2,3,4,5$, and $6$ with equa...

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54

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 7
Consider two random variables $X$ and $Y$ which take values in a finite set $S$. Let $p_{X, Y}$ represent their joint probability mass function (p.m.f.) and let $p_{X}$ and $p_{Y}$, respectively, be the marginal p.m.f.'s of $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Which of ... None of the above

Consider two random variables $X$ and $Y$ which take values in a finite set $S$. Let $p_{X, Y}$ represent their joint probability mass function (p.m.f.) and let $p_{X}$ a...

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55

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 9
Consider a coin which comes up heads with probability $p$ and tails with probability $1-p$, where $0 < p < 1.$ Suppose we keep tossing the coin until we have seen both sides of the coin. What is the expected number of times we would have seen tails? (Hint: the expected number of ... $(1/p.)$ $\frac{1}{p}$ $1+\frac{1}{1-p}$ $p+\frac{1}{p}-1$ $2$ None of the above

Consider a coin which comes up heads with probability $p$ and tails with probability $1-p$, where $0 < p < 1.$ Suppose we keep tossing the coin until we have seen both si...

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56

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 10
Let $X, Z_{1}$, and $Z_{2}$ be independent random variables taking values in the set $\{0,1\}$. $X$ is uniformly distributed in $\{0,1\}$, while the distributions of $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ are such that if we define $Y_{1}=X+Z_{1}$ and $Y_{2}=X+Z_{2}$, where addition ... $\left(1 / p_{1}+1 / p_{2}\right)^{-1}$ $\left(1+1 / p_{1}+1 / p_{2}\right)^{-1}$ None of the above

Let $X, Z_{1}$, and $Z_{2}$ be independent random variables taking values in the set $\{0,1\}$. $X$ is uniformly distributed in $\{0,1\}$, while the distributions of $Z_{...

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57

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 11
Let $X$ and $Y$ be independent Gaussian random variables with means $1$ and $2$ and variances $3$ and $4$ respectively. What is the minimum possible value of $\mathbf{E}\left[(X+Y-t)^{2}\right]$, when $t$ varies over all real numbers? $7$ $5$ $1.5$ $3.5$ $2.5$

Let $X$ and $Y$ be independent Gaussian random variables with means $1$ and $2$ and variances $3$ and $4$ respectively. What is the minimum possible value of $\mathbf{E}\...

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58

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 12
Consider an urn with $a$ red and $b$ blue balls. Balls are drawn out one-by-one, without replacement and uniformly at random, until the first red ball is drawn. What is the expected total number of balls drawn by this process? (Hint: Consider deriving an appropriate recurrence.) $\frac{a+b}{a+1}$ $\frac{a+b+1}{a}$ $\frac{a+b}{a}$ $\frac{a+b+1}{a+1}$ $a$

Consider an urn with $a$ red and $b$ blue balls. Balls are drawn out one-by-one, without replacement and uniformly at random, until the first red ball is drawn. What is t...

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59

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 14
Consider the circle of radius $1$ centred at the origin in two dimensions. Choose two points $x$ and $y$ independently at random so that both are uniformly distributed on the circle. Let the vectors joining the origin to $x$ and $y$ be $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Let $\theta$ be ... $\mathbf{E}\left[|x-y|^{2}\right]=\sqrt{3}$ $\mathbf{E}\left[|x-y|^{2}\right]=1$

Consider the circle of radius $1$ centred at the origin in two dimensions. Choose two points $x$ and $y$ independently at random so that both are uniformly distributed on...

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60

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 15
Anu reached a bus stop at $\text{9:00 AM.}$ She knows that the number of minutes after $\text{9:00 AM}$ when the bus will arrive is distributed with probability density function (p.d.f.) $f$ where \[f(x)=\frac{1}{10} \exp (-x / 10)\] for $x \geq 0$, ... time, measured in minutes after $\text{9:00 AM,}$ would Anu expect the bus to arrive? $12.5$ $15$ $7.5$ $10$ $12.5$

Anu reached a bus stop at $\text{9:00 AM.}$ She knows that the number of minutes after $\text{9:00 AM}$ when the bus will arrive is distributed with probability density f...

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61

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 2
A hotel has $n$ rooms numbered $1,2, \ldots, n$. For each room there is one spare key labeled with the room number. The hotel manager keeps all the spare keys in a box. Her mischievous son got hold of the box and permuted the labels uniformly at random. What is the ... Use linearity of expectation] $1$ $\frac{n-1}{n}$ $\frac{n}{n-1}$ $\frac{n}{2}$ None of the above

A hotel has $n$ rooms numbered $1,2, \ldots, n$. For each room there is one spare key labeled with the room number. The hotel manager keeps all the spare keys in a box. H...

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62

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 7
Let $X_{1}, X_{2}$ and $X_{3}$ be independent random variables with uniform distribution over $[0, \theta]$. Consider the following statements. $E\left[\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}, X_{3}\right\}\right]=\frac{3}{4} \theta$ ... $\text{(i)}$ Only $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(iv)}$ All of $\text{(i) - (iv)}$

Let $X_{1}, X_{2}$ and $X_{3}$ be independent random variables with uniform distribution over $[0, \theta]$. Consider the following statements.$E\left[\max \left\{X_{1}, ...

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63

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 9
Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent and identically distributed binary random variables that take values $\{-1,+1\}$ each with probability $1 / 2$. Let $Z_{1}=\max (X, Y)$, and $Z_{2}=\min (X, Y)$. Consider the following statements. $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ are uncorrelated ... $\text{(iii)}$ Both $\text{(i) and (ii), but not (iii)}$ All of $\text{(i), (ii) and (iii)}$

Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent and identically distributed binary random variables that take values $\{-1,+1\}$ each with probability $1 / 2$. Let $Z_{1}=\max (X, Y)$...

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64

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 10
Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice each of which takes six values $1,2,3,4,5,6$ with equal probability. What is the conditional expectation \[E\left[X_{1} \mid \max \left(X_{1}, X_{2}\right)=5\right]\] $3$ $4$ $35 / 9$ $5 / 2$ $15 / 4$

Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice each of which takes six values $1,2,3,4,5,6$ with equal probability. What is ...

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65

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 11
Assume the following well known result: If a coin is flipped independently many times and its probability of heads $(H)$ is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails $(T)$ is $(1-p)$, then the expected number of coin flips till the first time a heads is observed is $1 / p$. What is the ... $\frac{1}{1-(1-p)^{2}}(4+1 / p)$ $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{1-p}$

Assume the following well known result: If a coin is flipped independently many times and its probability of heads $(H)$ is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails $(T)$ is...

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66

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 12
Suppose that Amitabh Bachchan has ten coins in his pocket. $3$ coins have tails on both sides. $4$ coins have heads on both sides. $3$ coins have heads on one side and tails on the other and both the outcomes are equally likely when that coin is flipped. In a bet with Dharmendra ... that the other side of this coin is heads? $1 / 2$ $3 / 10$ $1 / 4$ $0.3$ $1 / 3$

Suppose that Amitabh Bachchan has ten coins in his pocket. $3$ coins have tails on both sides. $4$ coins have heads on both sides. $3$ coins have heads on one side and ta...

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67

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 9
Recall that for a random variable $X$ which takes values in $\mathbb{N}$, the set of natural numbers, its entropy in bits is defined as \[H(X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} p_{n} \log _{2} \frac{1}{p_{n}},\] where, for $n \in \mathbb{N}, p_{n}$ denotes the ... entropy of $X$ in bits? $1$ $1.5$ $\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.618$ (the golden ratio) $2$ None of the above

Recall that for a random variable $X$ which takes values in $\mathbb{N}$, the set of natural numbers, its entropy in bits is defined as\[H(X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} p_{n} \l...

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68

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 10
Consider a single coin where the probability of heads is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails is $1-p$. Suppose that this coin is flipped an infinite number of times. Let $N_{1}$ denote the number of flips till we see heads for the first time. Let $N_{2}$ denote the number of flips after ... $\frac{2}{p}$ $\frac{1}{p^{2}+(1-p)^{2}}$ $\frac{2}{p(1-p)}$

Consider a single coin where the probability of heads is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails is $1-p$. Suppose that this coin is flipped an infinite number of times. Le...

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69

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 11
Consider a unit length interval $[0,1]$ and choose a point $X$ on it with uniform distribution. Let $L_{1}=X$ and $L_{2}=1-X$ be the length of the two sub-intervals created by this point on the unit interval. Let $L=\max \left\{L_{1}, L_{2}\right\}$. Consider ... $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(ii)}$ and $\text{(iv)}$ None of the above

Consider a unit length interval $[0,1]$ and choose a point $X$ on it with uniform distribution. Let $L_{1}=X$ and $L_{2}=1-X$ be the length of the two sub-intervals creat...

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70

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 12
Consider a signal $X$ that can take two values, $-1$ with probability $p$ and $+1$ with probability $1-p$. Let $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is mean zero random noise that has probability density function symmetric about $0.$ Given $p$ and on observing $Y$, the detection problem is ... $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(iii)}$

Consider a signal $X$ that can take two values, $-1$ with probability $p$ and $+1$ with probability $1-p$. Let $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is mean zero random noise that has proba...

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71

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 2
Let $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ be two independent continuous real-valued random variables taking values in the unit interval $[0,1]$. Let $Y=\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}\right\}$ ... $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]>\operatorname{Pr}[Z=2]=\frac{1}{2}$ $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]<\operatorname{Pr}[Z=2]$

Let $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ be two independent continuous real-valued random variables taking values in the unit interval $[0,1]$. Let $Y=\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}\right\}$ an...

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72

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 3
Let $(X, Y)$ be a pair of independent random variables. Suppose $X$ takes values in $\{1, \ldots, 6\}$ with equal probability, and $Y$ takes values in $\{2,3\}$ with $\operatorname{Pr}[Y=2]=p$. Let $Z=(X \bmod Y)+1$ ... $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]=\frac{1}{2}$ for $p=\frac{1}{2}$ $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]=p(1-p)$ None of the above

Let $(X, Y)$ be a pair of independent random variables. Suppose $X$ takes values in $\{1, \ldots, 6\}$ with equal probability, and $Y$ takes values in $\{2,3\}$ with $\op...

admin

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73

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 7
Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are independent Gaussian random variables, whose pdfs are represented below. Which of the following describes the pdf of the $X+Y?$

Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are independent Gaussian random variables, whose pdfs are represented below. Which of the following describes the pdf of the $X+Y?$

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74

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 9
Suppose $Y=X+Z$, where $X$ and $Z$ are independent zero-mean random variables each with variance $1.$ Let $\hat{X}(Y)=a Y$ be the optimal linear least-squares estimate of $X$ from $Y$, i.e., $a$ is chosen such that $E\left[(X-a Y)^{2}\right]$ is minimized. What is the resulting ... $1$ $\frac{2}{3}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{1}{4}$

Suppose $Y=X+Z$, where $X$ and $Z$ are independent zero-mean random variables each with variance $1.$ Let $\hat{X}(Y)=a Y$ be the optimal linear least-squares estimate of...

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75

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 10
Let $U_{1}, U_{2}, U_{3}$ be independent random variables that are each uniformly distributed between zero and one. What is the probability that the second highest value amongst the three lies between $1 / 3$ and $2 / 3?$ $\frac{2}{9}$ $\frac{1}{27}$ $\frac{13}{27}$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{7}{18}$

Let $U_{1}, U_{2}, U_{3}$ be independent random variables that are each uniformly distributed between zero and one. What is the probability that the second highest value ...

admin

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76

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 11
Suppose that a random variable $X$ has a probability density function (pdf) given by \[f(x)=c \exp (-2 x)\] for $x \geq 1$, and $f(x)=0$, for $x<1$, where $c$ is an appropriate constant so that $f(x)$ is a valid pdf. What is the expected value of $X$ given that $X \geq 5?$ $5 \frac{1}{2}$ $7$ $10$ $8 \frac{1}{2}$ $6$

Suppose that a random variable $X$ has a probability density function (pdf) given by\[f(x)=c \exp (-2 x)\]for $x \geq 1$, and $f(x)=0$, for $x<1$, where $c$ is an appropr...

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77

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 12
Recall that the Shannon entropy of a random variables $X$ taking values in a finite set $S$ is given by \[H[X]=-\sum_{x \in S} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] \log _{2} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] .\] (We set $0 \log _{2} 0=0$.) For a pair of random variables $(X, Y)$ taking ... $H\left[R_{513}, C_{513} \mid R_{1}, R_{2}, \ldots, R_{512}\right]?$ $\log _{2} 513$ $9$ $10$ $19$ $81$

Recall that the Shannon entropy of a random variables $X$ taking values in a finite set $S$ is given by\[H[X]=-\sum_{x \in S} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] \log _{2} \operatorna...

admin

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78

GATE ECE 2010 | Question: 27
A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event "the number of times heads show up is more than the number of times tails show up" is $\frac{1}{16}$ $\frac{1}{8}$ $\frac{1}{4}$ $\frac{5}{16}$

A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event "the number of times heads show up is more than the number of times tails show up" is$\frac{1...

admin

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79

GATE ECE 2011 | Question: 36
A fair dice is tossed two times. The probability that the second toss results in a value that is higher than the first toss is $2 / 36$ $2 / 6$ $5 / 12$ $1 / 2$

A fair dice is tossed two times. The probability that the second toss results in a value that is higher than the first toss is$2 / 36$$2 / 6$$5 / 12$$1 / 2$

admin

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80

GATE ECE 2021 | Question: 3
Two continuous random variables $X$ and $Y$ are related as $Y=2X+3$ Let $\sigma ^{2}_{X}$ and $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}$denote the variances of $X$ and $Y$, respectively. The variances are related as $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=2 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$ $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=4 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$ $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=5 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$ $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=25 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$

Two continuous random variables $X$ and $Y$ are related as$$Y=2X+3$$Let $\sigma ^{2}_{X}$ and $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}$denote the variances of $X$ and $Y$, respectively. The vari...

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Arjun asked Feb 19, 2021