Highest voted questions in Probability and Statistics / GO Electronics

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41

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 8
Suppose that Dice $1$ has five faces numbered $1$ to $5,$ each of which is equally likely to occur once the dice is rolled. Dice $2$ similarly has eight equally likely faces numbered $1$ to $8.$ Suppose that the two dice are rolled, and the sum is equal to $8.$ Conditioned on this, ... $2?$ $1 / 4$ $1 / 3$ $1 / 2$ $2 / 7$ $2 / 5$

Suppose that Dice $1$ has five faces numbered $1$ to $5,$ each of which is equally likely to occur once the dice is rolled. Dice $2$ similarly has eight equally likely fa...

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42

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 10
Consider two independent random variables $\left(U_{1}, U_{2}\right)$ both are uniformly distributed between $[0,1]$. The conditional expectation \[E\left[\left(U_{1}+U_{2}\right) \mid \max \left(U_{1}, U_{2}\right) \geq 0.5\right]\] equals $7 / 6$ $8 / 7$ $6 / 7$ $1.1$ None of the above

Consider two independent random variables $\left(U_{1}, U_{2}\right)$ both are uniformly distributed between $[0,1]$. The conditional expectation\[E\left[\left(U_{1}+U_{2...

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43

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 11
Suppose that $X$ is a real valued random variable and $E[\exp X]=2$. Then, which of the following must be $\text{TRUE? Hint:}$ $(\exp (x)+\exp (y)) / 2 \geq \exp ((x+y) / 2)$. $E[X]<\ln 2$ $E[X]>\ln 2$ $E[X] \geq \ln 2$ $E[X] \leq \ln 2$ None of the above

Suppose that $X$ is a real valued random variable and $E[\exp X]=2$. Then, which of the following must be $\text{TRUE? Hint:}$ $(\exp (x)+\exp (y)) / 2 \geq \exp ((x+y) /...

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44

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 12
Consider a unit disc $D$. Let a point $x$ be chosen uniformly on $D$ and let the random distance to $x$ from the center of $D$ be $R$. Which of the following is $\text{TRUE?}$ $R^{2}$ is uniformly distributed in $[0,1]$ $\pi R^{2}$ is uniformly ... $[0,1]$ $2 \pi R^{2}$ is uniformly distributed in $[0,1]$ None of the above

Consider a unit disc $D$. Let a point $x$ be chosen uniformly on $D$ and let the random distance to $x$ from the center of $D$ be $R$. Which of the following is $\text{TR...

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45

TIFR ECE 2020 | Question: 13
Alice and Bob have one coin each with probability of Heads $p$ and $q$, respectively. In each round, both Alice and Bob independently toss their coin once, and the game stops if one of them gets a Heads and the other gets a Tails. If they both get either Heads or both get Tails in ... $R$ is independent of $p$ and $q$ $R=\frac{1}{1+2 p q-p-q}$ None of the above

Alice and Bob have one coin each with probability of Heads $p$ and $q$, respectively. In each round, both Alice and Bob independently toss their coin once, and the game s...

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46

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 6
Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice. Each of the dice takes each of the six values $1,2,3,4,5$, and $6$ with equal probability. What is the value of the conditional expectation \[\mathbf{E}\left[\max \left(X_{1}, X_{2}\right) \mid \min \left(X_{1}, X_{2}\right)=3\right] ?\] $33 / 7$ $4$ $5$ $9 / 2$ $19 / 4$

Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice. Each of the dice takes each of the six values $1,2,3,4,5$, and $6$ with equa...

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47

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 7
Consider two random variables $X$ and $Y$ which take values in a finite set $S$. Let $p_{X, Y}$ represent their joint probability mass function (p.m.f.) and let $p_{X}$ and $p_{Y}$, respectively, be the marginal p.m.f.'s of $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Which of ... None of the above

Consider two random variables $X$ and $Y$ which take values in a finite set $S$. Let $p_{X, Y}$ represent their joint probability mass function (p.m.f.) and let $p_{X}$ a...

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48

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 9
Consider a coin which comes up heads with probability $p$ and tails with probability $1-p$, where $0 < p < 1.$ Suppose we keep tossing the coin until we have seen both sides of the coin. What is the expected number of times we would have seen tails? (Hint: the expected number of ... $(1/p.)$ $\frac{1}{p}$ $1+\frac{1}{1-p}$ $p+\frac{1}{p}-1$ $2$ None of the above

Consider a coin which comes up heads with probability $p$ and tails with probability $1-p$, where $0 < p < 1.$ Suppose we keep tossing the coin until we have seen both si...

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49

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 10
Let $X, Z_{1}$, and $Z_{2}$ be independent random variables taking values in the set $\{0,1\}$. $X$ is uniformly distributed in $\{0,1\}$, while the distributions of $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ are such that if we define $Y_{1}=X+Z_{1}$ and $Y_{2}=X+Z_{2}$, where addition ... $\left(1 / p_{1}+1 / p_{2}\right)^{-1}$ $\left(1+1 / p_{1}+1 / p_{2}\right)^{-1}$ None of the above

Let $X, Z_{1}$, and $Z_{2}$ be independent random variables taking values in the set $\{0,1\}$. $X$ is uniformly distributed in $\{0,1\}$, while the distributions of $Z_{...

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50

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 11
Let $X$ and $Y$ be independent Gaussian random variables with means $1$ and $2$ and variances $3$ and $4$ respectively. What is the minimum possible value of $\mathbf{E}\left[(X+Y-t)^{2}\right]$, when $t$ varies over all real numbers? $7$ $5$ $1.5$ $3.5$ $2.5$

Let $X$ and $Y$ be independent Gaussian random variables with means $1$ and $2$ and variances $3$ and $4$ respectively. What is the minimum possible value of $\mathbf{E}\...

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51

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 12
Consider an urn with $a$ red and $b$ blue balls. Balls are drawn out one-by-one, without replacement and uniformly at random, until the first red ball is drawn. What is the expected total number of balls drawn by this process? (Hint: Consider deriving an appropriate recurrence.) $\frac{a+b}{a+1}$ $\frac{a+b+1}{a}$ $\frac{a+b}{a}$ $\frac{a+b+1}{a+1}$ $a$

Consider an urn with $a$ red and $b$ blue balls. Balls are drawn out one-by-one, without replacement and uniformly at random, until the first red ball is drawn. What is t...

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52

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 14
Consider the circle of radius $1$ centred at the origin in two dimensions. Choose two points $x$ and $y$ independently at random so that both are uniformly distributed on the circle. Let the vectors joining the origin to $x$ and $y$ be $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Let $\theta$ be ... $\mathbf{E}\left[|x-y|^{2}\right]=\sqrt{3}$ $\mathbf{E}\left[|x-y|^{2}\right]=1$

Consider the circle of radius $1$ centred at the origin in two dimensions. Choose two points $x$ and $y$ independently at random so that both are uniformly distributed on...

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53

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 15
Anu reached a bus stop at $\text{9:00 AM.}$ She knows that the number of minutes after $\text{9:00 AM}$ when the bus will arrive is distributed with probability density function (p.d.f.) $f$ where \[f(x)=\frac{1}{10} \exp (-x / 10)\] for $x \geq 0$, ... time, measured in minutes after $\text{9:00 AM,}$ would Anu expect the bus to arrive? $12.5$ $15$ $7.5$ $10$ $12.5$

Anu reached a bus stop at $\text{9:00 AM.}$ She knows that the number of minutes after $\text{9:00 AM}$ when the bus will arrive is distributed with probability density f...

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54

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 2
A hotel has $n$ rooms numbered $1,2, \ldots, n$. For each room there is one spare key labeled with the room number. The hotel manager keeps all the spare keys in a box. Her mischievous son got hold of the box and permuted the labels uniformly at random. What is the ... Use linearity of expectation] $1$ $\frac{n-1}{n}$ $\frac{n}{n-1}$ $\frac{n}{2}$ None of the above

A hotel has $n$ rooms numbered $1,2, \ldots, n$. For each room there is one spare key labeled with the room number. The hotel manager keeps all the spare keys in a box. H...

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55

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 7
Let $X_{1}, X_{2}$ and $X_{3}$ be independent random variables with uniform distribution over $[0, \theta]$. Consider the following statements. $E\left[\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}, X_{3}\right\}\right]=\frac{3}{4} \theta$ ... $\text{(i)}$ Only $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(iv)}$ All of $\text{(i) - (iv)}$

Let $X_{1}, X_{2}$ and $X_{3}$ be independent random variables with uniform distribution over $[0, \theta]$. Consider the following statements.$E\left[\max \left\{X_{1}, ...

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56

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 9
Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent and identically distributed binary random variables that take values $\{-1,+1\}$ each with probability $1 / 2$. Let $Z_{1}=\max (X, Y)$, and $Z_{2}=\min (X, Y)$. Consider the following statements. $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ are uncorrelated ... $\text{(iii)}$ Both $\text{(i) and (ii), but not (iii)}$ All of $\text{(i), (ii) and (iii)}$

Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent and identically distributed binary random variables that take values $\{-1,+1\}$ each with probability $1 / 2$. Let $Z_{1}=\max (X, Y)$...

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57

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 10
Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice each of which takes six values $1,2,3,4,5,6$ with equal probability. What is the conditional expectation \[E\left[X_{1} \mid \max \left(X_{1}, X_{2}\right)=5\right]\] $3$ $4$ $35 / 9$ $5 / 2$ $15 / 4$

Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice each of which takes six values $1,2,3,4,5,6$ with equal probability. What is ...

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58

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 11
Assume the following well known result: If a coin is flipped independently many times and its probability of heads $(H)$ is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails $(T)$ is $(1-p)$, then the expected number of coin flips till the first time a heads is observed is $1 / p$. What is the ... $\frac{1}{1-(1-p)^{2}}(4+1 / p)$ $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{1-p}$

Assume the following well known result: If a coin is flipped independently many times and its probability of heads $(H)$ is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails $(T)$ is...

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59

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 12
Suppose that Amitabh Bachchan has ten coins in his pocket. $3$ coins have tails on both sides. $4$ coins have heads on both sides. $3$ coins have heads on one side and tails on the other and both the outcomes are equally likely when that coin is flipped. In a bet with Dharmendra ... that the other side of this coin is heads? $1 / 2$ $3 / 10$ $1 / 4$ $0.3$ $1 / 3$

Suppose that Amitabh Bachchan has ten coins in his pocket. $3$ coins have tails on both sides. $4$ coins have heads on both sides. $3$ coins have heads on one side and ta...

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60

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 9
Recall that for a random variable $X$ which takes values in $\mathbb{N}$, the set of natural numbers, its entropy in bits is defined as \[H(X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} p_{n} \log _{2} \frac{1}{p_{n}},\] where, for $n \in \mathbb{N}, p_{n}$ denotes the ... entropy of $X$ in bits? $1$ $1.5$ $\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.618$ (the golden ratio) $2$ None of the above

Recall that for a random variable $X$ which takes values in $\mathbb{N}$, the set of natural numbers, its entropy in bits is defined as\[H(X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} p_{n} \l...

admin

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61

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 10
Consider a single coin where the probability of heads is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails is $1-p$. Suppose that this coin is flipped an infinite number of times. Let $N_{1}$ denote the number of flips till we see heads for the first time. Let $N_{2}$ denote the number of flips after ... $\frac{2}{p}$ $\frac{1}{p^{2}+(1-p)^{2}}$ $\frac{2}{p(1-p)}$

Consider a single coin where the probability of heads is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails is $1-p$. Suppose that this coin is flipped an infinite number of times. Le...

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62

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 11
Consider a unit length interval $[0,1]$ and choose a point $X$ on it with uniform distribution. Let $L_{1}=X$ and $L_{2}=1-X$ be the length of the two sub-intervals created by this point on the unit interval. Let $L=\max \left\{L_{1}, L_{2}\right\}$. Consider ... $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(ii)}$ and $\text{(iv)}$ None of the above

Consider a unit length interval $[0,1]$ and choose a point $X$ on it with uniform distribution. Let $L_{1}=X$ and $L_{2}=1-X$ be the length of the two sub-intervals creat...

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63

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 12
Consider a signal $X$ that can take two values, $-1$ with probability $p$ and $+1$ with probability $1-p$. Let $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is mean zero random noise that has probability density function symmetric about $0.$ Given $p$ and on observing $Y$, the detection problem is ... $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(iii)}$

Consider a signal $X$ that can take two values, $-1$ with probability $p$ and $+1$ with probability $1-p$. Let $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is mean zero random noise that has proba...

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64

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 2
Let $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ be two independent continuous real-valued random variables taking values in the unit interval $[0,1]$. Let $Y=\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}\right\}$ ... $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]>\operatorname{Pr}[Z=2]=\frac{1}{2}$ $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]<\operatorname{Pr}[Z=2]$

Let $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ be two independent continuous real-valued random variables taking values in the unit interval $[0,1]$. Let $Y=\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}\right\}$ an...

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65

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 3
Let $(X, Y)$ be a pair of independent random variables. Suppose $X$ takes values in $\{1, \ldots, 6\}$ with equal probability, and $Y$ takes values in $\{2,3\}$ with $\operatorname{Pr}[Y=2]=p$. Let $Z=(X \bmod Y)+1$ ... $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]=\frac{1}{2}$ for $p=\frac{1}{2}$ $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]=p(1-p)$ None of the above

Let $(X, Y)$ be a pair of independent random variables. Suppose $X$ takes values in $\{1, \ldots, 6\}$ with equal probability, and $Y$ takes values in $\{2,3\}$ with $\op...

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66

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 7
Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are independent Gaussian random variables, whose pdfs are represented below. Which of the following describes the pdf of the $X+Y?$

Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are independent Gaussian random variables, whose pdfs are represented below. Which of the following describes the pdf of the $X+Y?$

admin

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67

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 9
Suppose $Y=X+Z$, where $X$ and $Z$ are independent zero-mean random variables each with variance $1.$ Let $\hat{X}(Y)=a Y$ be the optimal linear least-squares estimate of $X$ from $Y$, i.e., $a$ is chosen such that $E\left[(X-a Y)^{2}\right]$ is minimized. What is the resulting ... $1$ $\frac{2}{3}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{1}{4}$

Suppose $Y=X+Z$, where $X$ and $Z$ are independent zero-mean random variables each with variance $1.$ Let $\hat{X}(Y)=a Y$ be the optimal linear least-squares estimate of...

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68

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 10
Let $U_{1}, U_{2}, U_{3}$ be independent random variables that are each uniformly distributed between zero and one. What is the probability that the second highest value amongst the three lies between $1 / 3$ and $2 / 3?$ $\frac{2}{9}$ $\frac{1}{27}$ $\frac{13}{27}$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{7}{18}$

Let $U_{1}, U_{2}, U_{3}$ be independent random variables that are each uniformly distributed between zero and one. What is the probability that the second highest value ...

admin

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69

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 11
Suppose that a random variable $X$ has a probability density function (pdf) given by \[f(x)=c \exp (-2 x)\] for $x \geq 1$, and $f(x)=0$, for $x<1$, where $c$ is an appropriate constant so that $f(x)$ is a valid pdf. What is the expected value of $X$ given that $X \geq 5?$ $5 \frac{1}{2}$ $7$ $10$ $8 \frac{1}{2}$ $6$

Suppose that a random variable $X$ has a probability density function (pdf) given by\[f(x)=c \exp (-2 x)\]for $x \geq 1$, and $f(x)=0$, for $x<1$, where $c$ is an appropr...

admin

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70

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 12
Recall that the Shannon entropy of a random variables $X$ taking values in a finite set $S$ is given by \[H[X]=-\sum_{x \in S} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] \log _{2} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] .\] (We set $0 \log _{2} 0=0$.) For a pair of random variables $(X, Y)$ taking ... $H\left[R_{513}, C_{513} \mid R_{1}, R_{2}, \ldots, R_{512}\right]?$ $\log _{2} 513$ $9$ $10$ $19$ $81$

Recall that the Shannon entropy of a random variables $X$ taking values in a finite set $S$ is given by\[H[X]=-\sum_{x \in S} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] \log _{2} \operatorna...

admin

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71

GATE ECE 2010 | Question: 27
A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event "the number of times heads show up is more than the number of times tails show up" is $\frac{1}{16}$ $\frac{1}{8}$ $\frac{1}{4}$ $\frac{5}{16}$

A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event "the number of times heads show up is more than the number of times tails show up" is$\frac{1...

admin

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72

GATE ECE 2011 | Question: 36
A fair dice is tossed two times. The probability that the second toss results in a value that is higher than the first toss is $2 / 36$ $2 / 6$ $5 / 12$ $1 / 2$

A fair dice is tossed two times. The probability that the second toss results in a value that is higher than the first toss is$2 / 36$$2 / 6$$5 / 12$$1 / 2$

admin

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admin asked Sep 3, 2022

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73

GATE ECE 2020 | Question: 25
The two sides of a fair coin are labelled as $0$ to $1$. The coin is tossed two times independently. Let $M$ and $N$ denote the labels corresponding to the outcomes of those tosses. For a random variable $X$, defined as $X = \text{min}(M, N)$, the expected value $E(X)$ (rounded off to two decimal places) is ___________.

The two sides of a fair coin are labelled as $0$ to $1$. The coin is tossed two times independently. Let $M$ and $N$ denote the labels corresponding to the outcomes of th...

go_editor

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74

GATE ECE 2014 Set 1 | Question: 2
In a housing society, half of the families have a single child per family, while the remaining half have two children per family. The probability that a child picked at random, has a sibling is ________.

In a housing society, half of the families have a single child per family, while the remaining half have two children per family. The probability that a child picked at r...

Milicevic3306

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Milicevic3306 asked Mar 25, 2018

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75

GATE ECE 2017 Set 2 | Question: 29
Passengers try repeatedly to get a seat reservation in any train running between two stations until they are successful. If there is $40 \%$ chance of getting reservation in any attempt by a passenger, then the average number of attempts that passengers need to make to get a seat reserved is __________

Passengers try repeatedly to get a seat reservation in any train running between two stations until they are successful. If there is $40 \%$ chance of getting reservation...

admin

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admin asked Nov 23, 2017

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76

TIFR ECE 2023 | Question: 1
Consider a fair coin with probability of heads and tails equal to $1 / 2$. Moreover consider two dice, first $\mathrm{D}_{1}$ that has three faces numbered $1,3,5$ and second $\mathrm{D}_{2}$ that has three faces numbered $2,4,6$ ... dice in the experiment. What is $\mathbb{E}[X]$ ? $\frac{7}{2}$ $4$ $3$ $\frac{9}{2}$ None of the above

Consider a fair coin with probability of heads and tails equal to $1 / 2$. Moreover consider two dice, first $\mathrm{D}_{1}$ that has three faces numbered $1,3,5$ and se...

admin

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admin asked Mar 14, 2023

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77

TIFR ECE 2023 | Question: 7
Let $f(x)$ be a positive continuous function on the real line that is the density of a random variable $X$. The differential entropy of $X$ is defined to be $-\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) \ln f(x) d x$. In which case does $X$ have the least differential entropy? You may use these facts: The ... $f(x):=(1 / 4) e^{-|x| / 2}$. $f(x):=e^{-2|x|}$.

Let $f(x)$ be a positive continuous function on the real line that is the density of a random variable $X$. The differential entropy of $X$ is defined to be $-\int_{-\inf...

admin

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78

TIFR ECE 2023 | Question: 8
Suppose a bag contains $5$ red balls, $3$ blue balls, and $2$ black balls. Balls are drawn without replacement until the bag is empty. Let $X_{i}$ be a random variable which takes value $1$ if the $i$-th ball drawn is red, value $2$ if that ball is blue, and $3$ if it is ... $\text{(i), (ii),}$ and $\text{(iii)}$ None of $\text{(i), (ii),}$ or $\text{(iii)}$

Suppose a bag contains $5$ red balls, $3$ blue balls, and $2$ black balls. Balls are drawn without replacement until the bag is empty. Let $X_{i}$ be a random variable wh...

admin

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admin asked Mar 14, 2023

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79

TIFR ECE 2023 | Question: 13
Let $X$ be a random variable which takes values $1$ and $-1$ with probability $1 / 2$ each. Suppose $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is a random variable independent of $X$ ... $0$ $1 / 8$ $1 / 4$ $1 / 2$ None of the above

Let $X$ be a random variable which takes values $1$ and $-1$ with probability $1 / 2$ each. Suppose $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is a random variable independent of $X$ with the fo...

admin

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admin asked Mar 14, 2023

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80

GATE ECE 2021 | Question: 3
Two continuous random variables $X$ and $Y$ are related as $Y=2X+3$ Let $\sigma ^{2}_{X}$ and $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}$denote the variances of $X$ and $Y$, respectively. The variances are related as $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=2 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$ $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=4 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$ $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=5 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$ $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}=25 \sigma ^{2}_{X}$

Two continuous random variables $X$ and $Y$ are related as$$Y=2X+3$$Let $\sigma ^{2}_{X}$ and $\sigma ^{2}_{Y}$denote the variances of $X$ and $Y$, respectively. The vari...

Arjun

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Arjun asked Feb 19, 2021