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121

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 11
Let $X$ and $Y$ be independent Gaussian random variables with means $1$ and $2$ and variances $3$ and $4$ respectively. What is the minimum possible value of $\mathbf{E}\left[(X+Y-t)^{2}\right]$, when $t$ varies over all real numbers? $7$ $5$ $1.5$ $3.5$ $2.5$

Let $X$ and $Y$ be independent Gaussian random variables with means $1$ and $2$ and variances $3$ and $4$ respectively. What is the minimum possible value of $\mathbf{E}\...

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122

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 12
Consider an urn with $a$ red and $b$ blue balls. Balls are drawn out one-by-one, without replacement and uniformly at random, until the first red ball is drawn. What is the expected total number of balls drawn by this process? (Hint: Consider deriving an appropriate recurrence.) $\frac{a+b}{a+1}$ $\frac{a+b+1}{a}$ $\frac{a+b}{a}$ $\frac{a+b+1}{a+1}$ $a$

Consider an urn with $a$ red and $b$ blue balls. Balls are drawn out one-by-one, without replacement and uniformly at random, until the first red ball is drawn. What is t...

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123

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 14
Consider the circle of radius $1$ centred at the origin in two dimensions. Choose two points $x$ and $y$ independently at random so that both are uniformly distributed on the circle. Let the vectors joining the origin to $x$ and $y$ be $X$ and $Y$, respectively. Let $\theta$ be ... $\mathbf{E}\left[|x-y|^{2}\right]=\sqrt{3}$ $\mathbf{E}\left[|x-y|^{2}\right]=1$

Consider the circle of radius $1$ centred at the origin in two dimensions. Choose two points $x$ and $y$ independently at random so that both are uniformly distributed on...

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124

TIFR ECE 2019 | Question: 15
Anu reached a bus stop at $\text{9:00 AM.}$ She knows that the number of minutes after $\text{9:00 AM}$ when the bus will arrive is distributed with probability density function (p.d.f.) $f$ where \[f(x)=\frac{1}{10} \exp (-x / 10)\] for $x \geq 0$, ... time, measured in minutes after $\text{9:00 AM,}$ would Anu expect the bus to arrive? $12.5$ $15$ $7.5$ $10$ $12.5$

Anu reached a bus stop at $\text{9:00 AM.}$ She knows that the number of minutes after $\text{9:00 AM}$ when the bus will arrive is distributed with probability density f...

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125

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 2
A hotel has $n$ rooms numbered $1,2, \ldots, n$. For each room there is one spare key labeled with the room number. The hotel manager keeps all the spare keys in a box. Her mischievous son got hold of the box and permuted the labels uniformly at random. What is the ... Use linearity of expectation] $1$ $\frac{n-1}{n}$ $\frac{n}{n-1}$ $\frac{n}{2}$ None of the above

A hotel has $n$ rooms numbered $1,2, \ldots, n$. For each room there is one spare key labeled with the room number. The hotel manager keeps all the spare keys in a box. H...

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126

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 3
Let $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} f(n)=\infty$ and $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} g(n)=\infty$. Then which of the following is necessarily $\text{TRUE.}$ $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}|f(n)-g(n)|=\infty$ $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}|f(n)-g(n)|=0$ $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}|f(n) / g(n)|=\infty$ $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty}|f(n) / g(n)|=1$ None of the above

Let $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} f(n)=\infty$ and $\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} g(n)=\infty$. Then which of the following is necessarily $\text{TRUE.}$$\lim _{n \rightar...

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127

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 4
Consider \[f(x)=\frac{(x \log x+x)^{5}(1+2 / x)^{x}}{(x+1 / x)^{5}(\log x+1 / \log x)^{6}}\] What can we say about $\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} f(x)$ ? The function $f(x)$ does not have a limit as $x \rightarrow \infty$ ... $\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} f(x)=e^{1 / 2}$ $\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} f(x)=0$ $\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} f(x)=\infty$

Consider\[f(x)=\frac{(x \log x+x)^{5}(1+2 / x)^{x}}{(x+1 / x)^{5}(\log x+1 / \log x)^{6}}\]What can we say about $\lim _{x \rightarrow \infty} f(x)$ ?The function $f(x)$ ...

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128

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 5
Suppose $\vec{u}, \vec{v}_{1}, \vec{v}_{2} \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ are linearly independent vectors. Let the pair of real numbers $\left(a_{1}^{*}, a_{2}^{*}\right)$ be such that they solve the following optimization problem \[d=\min _{a_{1}, a_{2} \in \mathbb{R}}\left\ ... $\left\|\vec{v}_{*}\right\|^{2}-\|\vec{u}\|^{2}$ None of the above

Suppose $\vec{u}, \vec{v}_{1}, \vec{v}_{2} \in \mathbb{R}^{n}$ are linearly independent vectors. Let the pair of real numbers $\left(a_{1}^{*}, a_{2}^{*}\right)$ be such ...

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129

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 7
Let $X_{1}, X_{2}$ and $X_{3}$ be independent random variables with uniform distribution over $[0, \theta]$. Consider the following statements. $E\left[\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}, X_{3}\right\}\right]=\frac{3}{4} \theta$ ... $\text{(i)}$ Only $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(iv)}$ All of $\text{(i) - (iv)}$

Let $X_{1}, X_{2}$ and $X_{3}$ be independent random variables with uniform distribution over $[0, \theta]$. Consider the following statements.$E\left[\max \left\{X_{1}, ...

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130

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 8
Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ real matrix for which two distinct non-zero $n$-dimensional real column vectors $v_{1}, v_{2}$ satisfy the relation $A v_{1}=A v_{2}$. Consider the following statements. At least one eigenvalue of $A$ is zero. $A$ ... $\text{(i)}$ Only $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(iv)}$ All of $\text{(i) - (iv)}$

Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ real matrix for which two distinct non-zero $n$-dimensional real column vectors $v_{1}, v_{2}$ satisfy the relation $A v_{1}=A v_{2}$. Consider...

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131

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 9
Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent and identically distributed binary random variables that take values $\{-1,+1\}$ each with probability $1 / 2$. Let $Z_{1}=\max (X, Y)$, and $Z_{2}=\min (X, Y)$. Consider the following statements. $Z_{1}$ and $Z_{2}$ are uncorrelated ... $\text{(iii)}$ Both $\text{(i) and (ii), but not (iii)}$ All of $\text{(i), (ii) and (iii)}$

Let $X$ and $Y$ be two independent and identically distributed binary random variables that take values $\{-1,+1\}$ each with probability $1 / 2$. Let $Z_{1}=\max (X, Y)$...

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132

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 10
Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice each of which takes six values $1,2,3,4,5,6$ with equal probability. What is the conditional expectation \[E\left[X_{1} \mid \max \left(X_{1}, X_{2}\right)=5\right]\] $3$ $4$ $35 / 9$ $5 / 2$ $15 / 4$

Suppose that $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ denote the random outcomes of independent rolls of two dice each of which takes six values $1,2,3,4,5,6$ with equal probability. What is ...

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133

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 11
Assume the following well known result: If a coin is flipped independently many times and its probability of heads $(H)$ is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails $(T)$ is $(1-p)$, then the expected number of coin flips till the first time a heads is observed is $1 / p$. What is the ... $\frac{1}{1-(1-p)^{2}}(4+1 / p)$ $\frac{1}{p}+\frac{1}{1-p}$

Assume the following well known result: If a coin is flipped independently many times and its probability of heads $(H)$ is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails $(T)$ is...

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134

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 12
Suppose that Amitabh Bachchan has ten coins in his pocket. $3$ coins have tails on both sides. $4$ coins have heads on both sides. $3$ coins have heads on one side and tails on the other and both the outcomes are equally likely when that coin is flipped. In a bet with Dharmendra ... that the other side of this coin is heads? $1 / 2$ $3 / 10$ $1 / 4$ $0.3$ $1 / 3$

Suppose that Amitabh Bachchan has ten coins in his pocket. $3$ coins have tails on both sides. $4$ coins have heads on both sides. $3$ coins have heads on one side and ta...

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135

TIFR ECE 2018 | Question: 15
Consider real-valued continuous functions $f:[0,2] \rightarrow(-\infty, \infty)$ and let \[A=\int_{0}^{1}|f(x)| d x \quad \text { and } B=\int_{1}^{2}|f(x)| d x .\] Which of the following is $\text{TRUE}?$ There exists an $f$ so that \[A+B<\int_{0}^{2} f(x) ... such that $\int_{0}^{1} f(x) d x=3$ There does not exist an $f$ so that \[A+B \leq-\int_{0}^{2} f(x) d x\]

Consider real-valued continuous functions $f:[0,2] \rightarrow(-\infty, \infty)$ and let\[A=\int_{0}^{1}|f(x)| d x \quad \text { and } B=\int_{1}^{2}|f(x)| d x .\]Which o...

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136

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 6
Let $a, b \in\{0,1\}$. Consider the following statements where $*$ is the $\text{AND}$ operator, $\oplus$ is $\text{EXCLUSIVE-OR,}$ and ${ }^{c}$ denotes the complement function. $\max \left\{a * b, b \oplus a^{\mathrm{c}}\right\}=1$ ... $\text{(iii)}$ only $\text{(iii)}$ and $\text{(iv)}$ only $\text{(iv)}$ and $\text{(i)}$ only None of the above

Let $a, b \in\{0,1\}$. Consider the following statements where $*$ is the $\text{AND}$ operator, $\oplus$ is $\text{EXCLUSIVE-OR,}$ and ${ }^{c}$ denotes the complement f...

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137

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 7
A circulant matrix is a square matrix whose each row is the preceding row rotated to the right by one element, e.g., the following is a $3 \times 3$ circulant matrix. \[\left(\begin{array}{lll} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 3 & 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 3 & 1 \ ... $j=\sqrt{-1}$ A vector whose $k$-th element is $\sinh \left(\frac{2 \pi k}{n}\right)$ None of the above

A circulant matrix is a square matrix whose each row is the preceding row rotated to the right by one element, e.g., the following is a $3 \times 3$ circulant matrix.\[\l...

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138

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 9
Recall that for a random variable $X$ which takes values in $\mathbb{N}$, the set of natural numbers, its entropy in bits is defined as \[H(X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} p_{n} \log _{2} \frac{1}{p_{n}},\] where, for $n \in \mathbb{N}, p_{n}$ denotes the ... entropy of $X$ in bits? $1$ $1.5$ $\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.618$ (the golden ratio) $2$ None of the above

Recall that for a random variable $X$ which takes values in $\mathbb{N}$, the set of natural numbers, its entropy in bits is defined as\[H(X)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} p_{n} \l...

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139

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 10
Consider a single coin where the probability of heads is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails is $1-p$. Suppose that this coin is flipped an infinite number of times. Let $N_{1}$ denote the number of flips till we see heads for the first time. Let $N_{2}$ denote the number of flips after ... $\frac{2}{p}$ $\frac{1}{p^{2}+(1-p)^{2}}$ $\frac{2}{p(1-p)}$

Consider a single coin where the probability of heads is $p \in(0,1)$ and probability of tails is $1-p$. Suppose that this coin is flipped an infinite number of times. Le...

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140

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 11
Consider a unit length interval $[0,1]$ and choose a point $X$ on it with uniform distribution. Let $L_{1}=X$ and $L_{2}=1-X$ be the length of the two sub-intervals created by this point on the unit interval. Let $L=\max \left\{L_{1}, L_{2}\right\}$. Consider ... $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(ii)}$ and $\text{(iv)}$ None of the above

Consider a unit length interval $[0,1]$ and choose a point $X$ on it with uniform distribution. Let $L_{1}=X$ and $L_{2}=1-X$ be the length of the two sub-intervals creat...

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141

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 12
Consider a signal $X$ that can take two values, $-1$ with probability $p$ and $+1$ with probability $1-p$. Let $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is mean zero random noise that has probability density function symmetric about $0.$ Given $p$ and on observing $Y$, the detection problem is ... $\text{(iii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(i)}$ and $\text{(iii)}$

Consider a signal $X$ that can take two values, $-1$ with probability $p$ and $+1$ with probability $1-p$. Let $Y=X+N$, where $N$ is mean zero random noise that has proba...

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142

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 13
Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix. Consider the following statements. $A$ can have full-rank even if there exists two vectors $v_{1} \neq v_{2}$ such that $A v_{1}=A v_{2}$. $A$ can be similar to the identity matrix, when $A$ is not the identity matrix. Recall that ... $\text{(ii)}$ Only $\text{(iii)}$ $\text{(i), (ii),}$ and $\text{(iii)}$ None of the above

Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix. Consider the following statements.$A$ can have full-rank even if there exists two vectors $v_{1} \neq v_{2}$ such that $A v_{1}=A v_{2}...

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143

TIFR ECE 2017 | Question: 14
Consider the positive integer sequence \[x_{n}=n^{50} e^{-(\log (n))^{3 / 2}}, \quad n=1,2,3, \ldots\] Which of the following statements is $\text{TRUE?}$ For every $M>0$, there exists an $n$ such that $x_{n}>M$ ... and then increases with $n \geq 1$ Sequence $\left\{x_{n}\right\}$ eventually converges to zero as $n \rightarrow \infty$ None of the above

Consider the positive integer sequence\[x_{n}=n^{50} e^{-(\log (n))^{3 / 2}}, \quad n=1,2,3, \ldots\]Which of the following statements is $\text{TRUE?}$For every $M>0$, t...

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144

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 1
Suppose $f(x)=c x^{-\alpha}$ for some $c>0$ and $\alpha>0$ such that $\int_{1}^{\infty} f(x) \mathrm{d} x=1$. Then, which of the following is possible? $\int_{1}^{\infty} x f(x) \mathrm{d} x=\infty$ ... $\int_{1}^{\infty} \frac{f(x)}{1+\ln x} \mathrm{~d} x=\infty$ None of the above

Suppose $f(x)=c x^{-\alpha}$ for some $c>0$ and $\alpha>0$ such that $\int_{1}^{\infty} f(x) \mathrm{d} x=1$. Then, which of the following is possible?$\int_{1}^{\infty} ...

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145

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 2
Let $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ be two independent continuous real-valued random variables taking values in the unit interval $[0,1]$. Let $Y=\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}\right\}$ ... $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]>\operatorname{Pr}[Z=2]=\frac{1}{2}$ $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]<\operatorname{Pr}[Z=2]$

Let $X_{1}$ and $X_{2}$ be two independent continuous real-valued random variables taking values in the unit interval $[0,1]$. Let $Y=\max \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}\right\}$ an...

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146

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 3
Let $(X, Y)$ be a pair of independent random variables. Suppose $X$ takes values in $\{1, \ldots, 6\}$ with equal probability, and $Y$ takes values in $\{2,3\}$ with $\operatorname{Pr}[Y=2]=p$. Let $Z=(X \bmod Y)+1$ ... $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]=\frac{1}{2}$ for $p=\frac{1}{2}$ $\operatorname{Pr}[Z=1]=p(1-p)$ None of the above

Let $(X, Y)$ be a pair of independent random variables. Suppose $X$ takes values in $\{1, \ldots, 6\}$ with equal probability, and $Y$ takes values in $\{2,3\}$ with $\op...

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147

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 7
Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are independent Gaussian random variables, whose pdfs are represented below. Which of the following describes the pdf of the $X+Y?$

Suppose $X$ and $Y$ are independent Gaussian random variables, whose pdfs are represented below. Which of the following describes the pdf of the $X+Y?$

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148

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 9
Suppose $Y=X+Z$, where $X$ and $Z$ are independent zero-mean random variables each with variance $1.$ Let $\hat{X}(Y)=a Y$ be the optimal linear least-squares estimate of $X$ from $Y$, i.e., $a$ is chosen such that $E\left[(X-a Y)^{2}\right]$ is minimized. What is the resulting ... $1$ $\frac{2}{3}$ $\frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{1}{4}$

Suppose $Y=X+Z$, where $X$ and $Z$ are independent zero-mean random variables each with variance $1.$ Let $\hat{X}(Y)=a Y$ be the optimal linear least-squares estimate of...

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149

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 10
Let $U_{1}, U_{2}, U_{3}$ be independent random variables that are each uniformly distributed between zero and one. What is the probability that the second highest value amongst the three lies between $1 / 3$ and $2 / 3?$ $\frac{2}{9}$ $\frac{1}{27}$ $\frac{13}{27}$ $\frac{1}{3}$ $\frac{7}{18}$

Let $U_{1}, U_{2}, U_{3}$ be independent random variables that are each uniformly distributed between zero and one. What is the probability that the second highest value ...

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150

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 11
Suppose that a random variable $X$ has a probability density function (pdf) given by \[f(x)=c \exp (-2 x)\] for $x \geq 1$, and $f(x)=0$, for $x<1$, where $c$ is an appropriate constant so that $f(x)$ is a valid pdf. What is the expected value of $X$ given that $X \geq 5?$ $5 \frac{1}{2}$ $7$ $10$ $8 \frac{1}{2}$ $6$

Suppose that a random variable $X$ has a probability density function (pdf) given by\[f(x)=c \exp (-2 x)\]for $x \geq 1$, and $f(x)=0$, for $x<1$, where $c$ is an appropr...

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151

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 12
Recall that the Shannon entropy of a random variables $X$ taking values in a finite set $S$ is given by \[H[X]=-\sum_{x \in S} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] \log _{2} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] .\] (We set $0 \log _{2} 0=0$.) For a pair of random variables $(X, Y)$ taking ... $H\left[R_{513}, C_{513} \mid R_{1}, R_{2}, \ldots, R_{512}\right]?$ $\log _{2} 513$ $9$ $10$ $19$ $81$

Recall that the Shannon entropy of a random variables $X$ taking values in a finite set $S$ is given by\[H[X]=-\sum_{x \in S} \operatorname{Pr}[X=x] \log _{2} \operatorna...

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152

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 13
Suppose $m$ and $n$ are positive integers, $m \neq n$, and $A$ is an $m \times n$ matrix with real entires. Consider the following statements. $\operatorname{rank}\left(A A^{T}\right)=\operatorname{rank}\left(A^{T} A\right)$ ... Which of the above statements is true for all such $A?$ Only (i) Only (ii) Only (iii) (i) and (iii) None of them

Suppose $m$ and $n$ are positive integers, $m \neq n$, and $A$ is an $m \times n$ matrix with real entires. Consider the following statements.$\operatorname{rank}\left(A ...

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153

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 14
Consider matrices $A \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times m}, B \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times m}$, and $C \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$. Let $r=\operatorname{rank}(A B C)$. Which of the following must be true? $\min (m, n) \leq r \leq \max (m, n)$ ... $\min (m, n) \leq r \leq \max (\operatorname{rank}(A), \operatorname{rank}(B), \operatorname{rank}(C))$ None of the above

Consider matrices $A \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times m}, B \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times m}$, and $C \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$. Let $r=\operatorname{rank}(A B C)$. Which of the fo...

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154

TIFR ECE 2016 | Question: 15
What is \[ \max _{x, y}\left[\begin{array}{ll} x & y \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc} 3 & \sqrt{2} \\ \sqrt{2} & 2 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l} x \\ y \end{array}\right] \] subject to \[ x^{2}+y^{2}=1 ? \] $1$ $\sqrt{2}$ $2$ $3$ $4$

What is\[\max _{x, y}\left[\begin{array}{ll}x & y\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{cc}3 & \sqrt{2} \\\sqrt{2} & 2\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}x \\y\end{arr...

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155

GATE ECE 2009 | Question: 1
The order of the differential equation $\dfrac{d^{2} y}{d t^{2}}+\left(\dfrac{d y}{d t}\right)^{3}+y^{4}=e^{-t} \quad$ is $1$ $2$ $3$ $4$

The order of the differential equation $\dfrac{d^{2} y}{d t^{2}}+\left(\dfrac{d y}{d t}\right)^{3}+y^{4}=e^{-t} \quad$ is$1$$2$$3$$4$

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156

GATE ECE 2010 | Question: 1
The eigenvalues of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zero always pure imaginary either zero or pure imaginary always real

The eigenvalues of a skew-symmetric matrix arealways zeroalways pure imaginaryeither zero or pure imaginaryalways real

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157

GATE ECE 2010 | Question: 3
A function $n(x)$ satisfies the differential equation $\frac{d^{2} n(x)}{d x^{2}}-\frac{n(x)}{L^{2}}=0$ where $L$ is a constant. The boundary conditions are: $n(0)=K$ and $n(\infty)=0$. The solution to this equation is $n(x)=K \exp (x / L)$ $n(x)=K \exp (-x / \sqrt{L})$ $n(x)=K^{2} \exp (-x / L)$ $n(x)=K \exp (-x / L)$

A function $n(x)$ satisfies the differential equation $\frac{d^{2} n(x)}{d x^{2}}-\frac{n(x)}{L^{2}}=0$ where $L$ is a constant. The boundary conditions are: $n(0)=K$ and...

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158

GATE ECE 2010 | Question: 26
If $e^{y}=x^{\frac{1}{x}}$, then $y$ has a maximum at $x=e$ minimum at $x=e$ maximum at $x=e^{-1}$ minimum at $x=e^{-1}$

If $e^{y}=x^{\frac{1}{x}}$, then $y$ has amaximum at $x=e$minimum at $x=e$maximum at $x=e^{-1}$minimum at $x=e^{-1}$

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159

GATE ECE 2010 | Question: 27
A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event "the number of times heads show up is more than the number of times tails show up" is $\frac{1}{16}$ $\frac{1}{8}$ $\frac{1}{4}$ $\frac{5}{16}$

A fair coin is tossed independently four times. The probability of the event "the number of times heads show up is more than the number of times tails show up" is$\frac{1...

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160

GATE ECE 2010 | Question: 30
Consider a differential equation $\dfrac{d y(x)}{d x}-y(x)=x$ with the initial condition $y(0)=0$. Using Euler's first order method with a step size of $0.1$, the value of $y(0.3)$ is $0.01$ $0.031$ $0.0631$ $0.1$

Consider a differential equation $\dfrac{d y(x)}{d x}-y(x)=x$ with the initial condition $y(0)=0$. Using Euler's first order method with a step size of $0.1$, the value o...

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